Which are the 9 most used types of wood in America and why?

In Experts in Wood, we are passionate about the natural material par excellence: wood.

By the end of this blog, you’ll be able to identify the most used American wood in carpentry and construction (and the trees from which they are extracted), thus you’ll know which wood to choose for any project you propose, from building a table to a house.  

Table of Contents

Most commonly used American wood in any carpentry or construction project

First of all, let’s clarify a few things:

In the American continent, daily hundreds of varieties of wood are used, many of them brought by the European settlers on their arrival to the “New World”, since they didn’t know how to work well with the native species.

So, by American species, we are referring to species that may or may not be of European origin or from other continents, but that have subspecies thriving in America.  

Moreover, this top is not hierarchical since it depends on what you need the wood for. Therefore, the best American wood is the one that best suits the project you want to undertake.

So let’s talk about the American woods that are essential for any job.

But first, we recommend you visit our blog about the basics of wood.

1. Canadian Yellow Birch Wood (Betula alleghaniensis)

Yellow Birch
Yellow birch in its natural habitat. Copyrighted free use, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1917145

Characteristics of the Canada Yellow Birch Tree

Location Yellow birch is native to eastern North America, from Canada (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and southern Quebec) to the United States (eastern Minnesota, and south into the Appalachian Mountains in northern Georgia). 
Height20 meters high.
Tree diameterAbout 80 centimeters.
FlowersPendants in yellow or green tones. 
LeavesSimple closed, rhomboidal from 3 to 6 cm. 
BranchesFlexible and with a whitish rind. 
HabitatIt’s most prevalent in eastern Canada, especially in the province of Quebec, where it is a symbol.  This tree grows best in sunny and humid places, resists pollution well and does not need too many nutrients from the soil.  It reproduces by seed or through the use of cuttings (pieces of the stem of an adult tree planted in the ground).  
Service lifeIn nature, a birch tree can exceed 100 years of age, but in plantations intended for timber purposes, it usually does not exceed 40 years.
Conservation status (IUCN)According to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), this tree is not threatened.

Although there are other birch species in America, only the yellow birch is harvested for timber; the others are used for medicinal purposes.

Most of the birch wood sold in North America comes from this tree.

Characteristics of yellow birch wood

Here we’ll give you the most important characteristics to keep in mind when looking for wood of any kind.

Overview and applications

Birch is a heavy wood; it doesn’t crack or corrode. Its main use is in:

Age of felling or cutting

Between 35 and 40 years for maximum wood production, but diameters of 30 to 35 cm are obtained with ages of 40 – 45 years. It is not recommended to extend the cutting age beyond 40 years as this increases the probability of wood rotting while the tree is still alive.

Color
Sapwood

Whitish color.

Heartwood

Ivory-pinkish color.

Characteristic defects

Small knots and sometimes rots easily.

Fiber

Straight, with occasional undulations.

Grain

Fine.

Density

Approximate density of 650kg/m3. Which makes it a semi-heavy wood.

Hardness

It is a semi-hardwood with a Monnin test result of 3.1.

Durability

It is susceptible to attack by fungi and insects, so its use outdoors is not recommended.

Dimensional Stability
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage

0.38% wood somewhat nervous.

Impregnability

Between impregnable and slightly impregnable.

Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength

526 kg/cm2

Static flexural strength

1,548 kg/cm2

Modulus of elasticity

170,000 kg/cm2

Workability
Sawing

No problems.

Drying

Fast, although with some risk of deformation.

Brushing

No problems.

Gluing

No problems.

Nailing and screwing

A drill (pre-drilled) should be used first to avoid cracking and splintering of the wood.

Finishing

Finishes with varnish or paints have no problems. Stains may take irregular shapes.

Maple Wood

There are more than 20 species of maple. However, many of them aren’t used for their wood since they are more profitable in extracting syrups for cooking.

Have you ever tried maple syrup? There you go, now you know where such a delicacy comes from.

So here we’ll talk about the 2 main woody varieties in America, the Acer rubrum and the Acer nigrum.


2. Acer rubrum

Red maple (Acer rubrum). Royalty-free photo under CC0 license

Characteristics of the Maple rubrum tree

LocationIt is found mostly in Canada and the United States. But it can also be found in Europe and Japan. 
HeightMaple can reach an average height of 30 meters. 
Tree diameterEntre 50 centímetros y 2 metros.
FlowersThey are red and have 5 very small petals.
LeavesRed maple leaves are typically 5-10 cm long and the same width with 3-5 irregularly toothed lobes and become even redder in the fall.
BranchesRed to grayish-brown and hairless.
HabitatThis is a very adaptable species; it tolerates various types of climatic conditions. You can find this tree in places such as swamps as well as in arid or more humid lands.
Service lifeThis tree can live more than 200 years in the wild.
Conservation status (IUCN)Non-threatened species.

Maple rubrum wood characteristics

Overview and applications

Acer rubrum wood is a softwood used indoors as it is not as strong as Acer nigrum.

So, we have that the timber uses of Acer rubrum are:             

  • Gymnasium floor construction.
  • Shoe heels.
  • Pieces for pianos.
  • Turnery.
  • Carpentry for bathrooms.
Age of felling or cutting

Generally, for all species of maple, it is advisable not to cut the tree before 50 years of age.

Color
Sapwood

Almost white, with reddish tints.

Heartwood

Heartwood pale red.

Characteristic defects

None in particular.

Fiber

Straight and wavy.

Grain

Fine.

Density

Acer rubrum wood is semi-heavy with an approximate density of 590 kg/m3 at 12% humidity.

Hardness

It is a semi-hardwood with 3.2 in the Monnin test.

Durability

Very durable in interiors that have not been attacked by woodworm (an insect pest). It resists well against fungi.

Dimensional stability
Volumetric shrinkage coefficient

0.41% wood between slightly and moderately nervous.

Impregnability

The sapwood of soft Maple is impregnable. In contrast, its heartwood is practically not.

Mechanical Properties
Compression resistance

450 kg/cm2.

Flexural static strength

920 kg/cm2.

Modulus of elasticity

113,000 kg/cm2.

Workability
Sawing

No problems.

Drying

Quick drying.

Brushing

No problems.

Gluing

No problems.

Nailing and screwing

No problems.

Finishing

No problems.  

3. Acer nigrum

Acer nigrum
Acer nigrum. Royalty-free photo under CC0 license

Acer nigrum tree characteristics

LocationThis tree is predominantly found in the midwestern United States and southern Canada, although it is also present in Mexico. 
 HeightBetween 20 and 30 meters approximately. 
Tree diameterAn average of 30 to 50 centimeters. 
FlowersSmall, yellowish-green. 
LeavesLarge, 13 centimeters long and approximately the same in diameter. 
BranchesLobular and green, although they may turn yellow or reddish in autumn. 
HabitatThis tree is characterized by its resistance to pollution, rapid growth and the need for moist soils to survive. It reproduces by cuttings or by planting seeds. 
Service lifeIt can exceed 100 years in the wild. In commercial plantations, it is harvested over parts of 30 years. 
Conservation status (IUCN)Non-threatened species.

Acer nigrum wood characteristics

Overview and applications

Acer nigrum has hardwood that is harder and more resistant than Acer rubrum and therefore is used more outdoors.  In addition, among the most common uses of this wood we have:        

  • Construction of dance floors.
  • Construction of gymnasium floors.
  • Tool handles.
  • Bodywork.
  • Construction.              
Age of felling or cutting

For all maple species, it is generally recommended that the tree not be felled before 50 years of age.

Color
Sapwood

Almost white, but with brown tints.

Heartwood

Heartwood brown.

Characteristic Defects

None in particular.

Fiber

Straight and wavy.

Grain

Fine.

Density

Approximately 700 kg/m3 at 12% humidity, so it is a semi-heavy wood.

Hardness

It is a semi-hardwood with a Monnin score of 4.5.

Durability

Long-lasting in interiors that have not been previously attacked by woodworm (an insect pest).  Resists well against fungi.

Impregnability

Sapwood is impregnable, heartwood is not.

Structural stability
Coefficient of volumetric contraction

0.49% wood between somewhat and moderately nervous.

Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength

540 kg/cm2

Static bending strength

1,090 kg/cm2

Modulus of elasticity

126,000 kg/cm2

Workability
Sawing

No problems.

Drying

Quick drying.

Planing

No problems.

Gluing

No problems.

Nailing and screwing

No problems.

Finishing

No problems.  

4. Douglas Fir or Oregon pine (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Oregon pine or Douglas fir
Douglas fir or Oregon pine. From Crusier – Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6665258

It is not an actual spruce, but a very similar species. Douglas firs are also grown as ornamental plants and common Christmas trees in North America.

If you want to know more about this tree, we recommend our blog on 6 types of pine wood most commonly used in carpentry.

5. American Red Oak Wood (Quercus rubra)

American Red Oak
Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Oaks are among the longest-lived, hardest, and most disease-resistant trees. Many of them exceed 500 years. Hence, you may have heard ” that person is like an oak tree“, in comparison to this tree’s trait.

It’s key to keep in mind that there are three different types of oak: The European oak, the sessile oak (mainly European) and the American oak.

In America, wood is usually taken from red oak and white oak.

Finally, keep in mind that, although American red oak and American white oak are the same species, we are going to address them separately; depending on their location, they are more or less used in carpentry. That is to say, in your country, only one of the two varieties may be used, either for logistic reasons or simply because one of them is better suited for certain jobs.

For example, in Central and South America, you are more likely to find white oak, while in North America both varieties are readily available.

Characteristics of the American Red Oak tree

LocationThis species is native to the central and east coast of North America, although specimens have been found in northeastern and central Mexico. It produces bitter whales.   
 HeightFast-growing, it ranges from 35 to 43 meters. 
Tree diameterIts trunk has an average length of 1 to 2 meters. 
FlowersRojas, pequeñas, agrupadas en pares, ovoides.  
LeavesFlexible, lobed, ending in a variable number of points. 
BranchesStraight-angled relative to the root.   
HabitatIt tolerates different types of soils. However, it grows best near streams. It needs to be near water sources such as lakes. It reproduces by seed collection.
Service lifeIn general, they are incredibly long-lived, in nature, and in good conditions a specimen can live 500 years or more.  It reproduces mainly by planting cuttings. 
Conservation status (IUCN)Non-threatened species. 

Characteristics of American Red Oak wood

Overview and applications

Its wood is the strongest, stiffest and most durable but also very heavy and hard.  As a distinctive feature, the American red oak is the only tree of its kind with shiny stripes all over the trunk.

Oak wood is very popular among woodworkers because of its high quality and good appearance.

It is used in the following applications:

  • Cooperage.
  • Elaboration of floors.
  • General carpentry.   
Age of felling or cutting

In the case of this species, it is necessary to wait from 80 to 250 years to extract good wood. That is to say, those who plant an oak tree may not live to see it mature.                                                                 

Color

The wood is pale reddish brown.

Sapwood

Dark reddish red.

Heartwood

Between red and pale brown.

Characteristic defects

None in particular.

Density

Semi-heavy wood with an approximate density of 710 kg/m3 at 12% humidity.

Fiber

Straight.

Grain

Intermediate.

Hardness

It is a semi-hardwood with a score of 4.8 on the Monnin test.

Durability

It is wood resistant to humidity, but not so much to insects.

Impregnability

The sapwood is impregnable; the heartwood is not very impregnable.

Dimensional stability
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage

0.44% wood moderately nervous.

Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength

450 kg/cm2

Static bending strength

960 kg/cm2

Modulus of elasticity

113,000 kg/cm2

Workability
Sawing

No problems, except for its hardness. It requires good saws at the time of felling.

Drying

Slow.

Brushing

No problems.

Gluing

There are problems with the pH of the glues since, if they are too acidic or too alkaline, they can damage the wood.

Nailing and screwing

Pre-drilling required.

Finishing

No problems.

6. American White Oak Wood (Quercus alba)

American white oak
American white oak (Quercus alba). Pixabay License Free for commercial use No attribution required

Characteristics of the American White Oak tree

LocationNative to eastern Canada and the northern United States but also common in Florida and Texas. Unlike red oak, this tree produces acorns with a sweet flavor.  
 HeightSpecimens usually have an average height between 25 and 30 meters.  However, specimens up to 44 meters have been found; usually, the width of this tree is related to its height.    
Tree diameter1 to 2 meters.
FlowersBright yellow.    
LeavesRounded, grouped in clusters.   
BranchesLeafy and parallel to the ground.    
HabitatLike the red oak, it grows in a variety of terrains, either in lowlands, or dry or humid areas, and specimens have even been found at 1600 meters of altitude in the Appalachian Mountains in northeastern North America.
Service lifeThe truth is that most oak species tend to live a long time, if they are not felled, seriously affected by pests, or face drastic changes in their environment; they can perfectly live up to 500 years.
Conservation status (IUCN)Non-threatened species.     

American white oak wood characteristics

Overview and applications

This tree is widely known and appreciated in carpentry because it provides resistant wood, which is reliable to work with and generally of good quality.

In addition, thanks to its hardness, strength, and durability, its wood is highly prized in:

  • Carpentry and joinery.
  • Shipbuilding.
  • Elaboration of railroads.
  • Barrels or casks for different types of liquors.
Age of felling or cutting

In the case of this tree species, it is necessary to wait 80 to 250 years to extract good wood, that is to say, those who plant an oak may not live to see it in maturity.                                                         

Color
Sapwood

It comprises colors from brown to white.

Heartwood

Heartwood Pale brown.

Characteristic defects

None in particular

Density

Semi-heavy wood, approximately 740 kg/m3 at 12% humidity.

Fiber

Straight.

Grain

Intermediate.

Hardness

It is a semi-hardwood with a score of 5.1 on the Monnin test.

Durability

Medium, resistant to humidity, but not so much to insects.

Impregnability

Sapwood is impregnable, medium to slightly impregnable.

Dimensional stability
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage

0.43% wood moderately nervous.

Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength

513 kg/cm2

Flexural static strength

1,050 kg/cm2

Modulus of elasticity

123,000 kg/cm2

Workability
Sawing

No problems, although its wood is quite hard.

Drying

Slow.

Brushing

No problems.

Gluing

Problems with alkaline and acid glues.

Nailing and screwing

No problems.

Finishing

No problems.

7. Mahogany wood (Swietenia macrophylla)

Mahogany tree
Mahogany tree. Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

Characteristics of the mahogany tree

LocationNative to South America, especially Venezuela and Brazil, although it can be found in Central America in countries such as Costa Rica.
 HeightIt ranges from 35 to 50 meters, but on some occasions, it can exceed them. 
Tree diameterIts trunk is between 10 and 35 decimeters in favorable conditions.
FlowersGreenish yellowish. 
LeavesLarge, green, rounded at the base and pointed at the end.   
BranchesSparse, thick and ascending.
HabitatIt grows in tropical areas. It needs a lot of sunlight to grow properly. It also grows in savannas but can be found in jungle environments, so it needs moisture in the soil to survive. It reproduces by sowing its seeds.
Service lifeDepending on its location, the mahogany tree can be more than 100 years old, although in practical terms this almost never happens because of its commercial value. They even begin to cut it down before it is 10 years old when it is for illegal trafficking.   
Conservation status (IUCN)It is an endangered species. It is protected, which means that logging is illegal unless there are governmental authorizations. However, it has not ceased to be traded on the black market. 

This tree is widely known and appreciated in carpentry because it provides strong, reliable and generally good-quality wood.

Unfortunately, this has been of no help to the tree, and for precisely these reasons it has been brought to the brink of extinction: The S. macrophylla species is the main source of mahogany and is threatened by habitat loss and overexploitation.

Mahogany wood characteristics

Overview and applications

Given its high resistance to shocks, humidity and its beauty, mahogany wood is very desirable in:

  • Carpentry and especially joinery.
  • Luxury furniture.
  • Musical instrument making.
  • Shipbuilding (formerly used)

In addition, it is a versatile and high-quality wood so it offers a guarantee of exclusivity in the works developed with it.

Age of felling or cutting

Relative; In natural environments, i.e. in a forest, mahogany trees require between 60 and 100 years to reach commercial size. In contrast, in plantations and agroforestry systems they can reach “maturity” between 30 and 50 years, even so, in many areas they are felled at 10 years of age, greatly diminishing their quality.

Color

The shades of the wood range from reddish to brown.

From salmon tones near the bark, we find darker tones as we go deeper. Mahogany wood also darkens over time until it reaches its characteristic brown tones. The sapwood is clearly differentiated from the heartwood.

Sapwood

It is narrow, and red-whitish in color.

Heartwood

Brown-tan or pinkish brown.

Characteristic defects

None in particular.

Density

Semi-heavy wood, with a density of approximately 570-600 kg/m³.

Fiber

Straight.

Grain

Intermediate to fine.

Hardness

It is a semi-soft wood, with a score of 2.7 on the Chalais-Meudon test, also known as the Monnin test.

Durability

Resistant to rot, and humidity, and almost not attacked by insects and fungi, which makes it useful in various environments.

Impregnability

Sapwood is moderately impregnable, and heartwood not impregnable.

Structural stability
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage

0.22 % wood is not very nervous.

Mechanical properties
Flexural static strength

830 kg/cm2.

Modulus of elasticity

89,000 kg/cm2.

Compressive strength

450 kg/cm2.

Workability
Sawing

No problems.

Drying

No problems.

Planing

No problems.

Gluing

No problems.

Nailing and screwing

No problems.

Finishing

No problems.

8. Teak or Teca wood (Tectona grandis)

Teak trees
Teak tree plantation. Pixabay License Free for commercial use No recognition required.

Teak tree characteristics

LocationThis species is native to Southeast Asia but there are plantations in the Americas in countries such as Trinidad, Panama, Honduras, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Cuba, Nicaragua and Belize. 
 Height30 meters on average. 
Tree diameter80 to 90 centimeters. 
FlowersSmall white, usually with 6 petals. 
LeavesOval, green, 11 to 50 cm long and 6 to 37 cm wide; slightly hairy on both sides, although they can be smooth. 
BranchesBetween 150 and 250 centimeters in nature, and up to 80 centimeters in plantations. 
HabitatIntroduced and naturalized in Puerto Rico but widely cultivated in the tropics throughout the world. Its natural distribution is at altitudes ranging from sea level to 1,300 meters. It does not thrive in soils prone to flooding because they need good filtering of wastewater, which is why almost all teak forests are located in mountainous terrain. Reproduction is by seed cultivation.
Service lifeIn the wild, teak can last 80 years or more. In plantations, the cutting time varies greatly, usually at 20 years but sometimes at 12 years.   
Conservation status (IUCN)This species is not threatened by excessive logging but climate change may pose a danger as it does for all other species. 

This tree is not American native; its origin is Asian. However, as its wood has unique features, it has become so demand that, in the last 3 centuries, a process to introduce the species in several parts of the world, such as Africa and Central and South America among others, has occurred in order to increase its world supply.

Characteristics of Teak wood

Overview and applications

Teak wood is oily to the touch due to its natural oil which helps the wood to preserve much better. In fact, Teak improves its coloration as it ages thanks to its oils.

Teak wood is mainly used in:

  • High-quality joinery.
  • Shipbuilding in the manufacture of boats and docks (remember how well it resists humidity).
  • Interior and exterior carpentry: flooring, friezes, cladding, windows.
  • Lathing.
  • Facade cladding.
  • Cooperage.
Age of felling or cutting

Teak is a fast-growing tree species, growing at about 8 m3 per year; the volume increase culminates after approximately 15 to 20 years.

Color
Sapwood

It has a yellow color and the heartwood has brown and golden tones.

Heartwood

It has a brown color with golden shades.

Characteristic defects

Residues of oil, but nothing serious.

Density

Approximately 690 Kg/m3. Which makes it a semi-heavy wood.

Fiber

Straight and wavy.

Grain

Coarse or coarse.

Hardness

Monnin test of 4.2, thus it is a semi-hardwood.

Durability

Thanks to its natural oils, Teak wood is very resistant to humidity and attacks from different pests such as fungi, insects and bacteria. However, there is a difference between a cultivated teak (i.e. the one grown on a plantation for commercial use) and one grown in nature, because the latter has a higher quality.

Impregnability

Sapwood is not very impregnable, and heartwood is not impregnable.

Dimensional Stability
Dimensional stability coefficient

0,34%. Teak wood is not very nervous.

Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength

570 kg/cm2

Static bending strength

1000 kg/cm2

Modulus of elasticity

140,000 kg/cm2

Workability
Sawing

Teak has a lot of silica (a mineral substance present in the soil where it grows) that prevents the saw blades from sliding well over the wood. Therefore, it is necessary to cut with more force.

Drying

It dries slowly, but there are almost never any problems with the wood.

Planing

No problems.

Gluing

Always clean the surfaces of the wood, since the natural oils of teak can interfere with the action of the glues.

Nailing and screwing

A drill should be used beforehand.

Finishing

There may be oil residue at the end of the process.

9. Cedar Wood (Cedrela odorata)

American Cedar
American Cedar. From Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6196330

Characteristics of the Cedar tree

LocationIt is native to southern North America, Central America and northern South America, so it is found in countries such as Mexico, Brazil, the American Caribbean coast, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, and Panama. 
 Height40 meters on average. 
Tree diameter60 to 90 centimeters, although depending on the conditions it may exceed 150 centimeters.
FlowersGreenish cream color, 6 to 9 millimeters long with 5 petals. 
LeavesDark green color, between 30 and 70 centimeters long. 
BranchesFrom 1 to 2 meters.
HabitatIt is found in tropical forests at altitudes up to 1200 meters above sea level. Reproduction is by very light seeds that are dispersed by the wind on an annual and abundant basis.
Service lifeSome specimens have exceeded 2000 years in the wild. For commercial use, however, it does not usually exceed 20 years.
Conservation status (IUCN)Threatened species. Its commercial use is controlled due to overexploitation. However, part of the supply comes from the black market. 

This tree belongs to the large family Meliaceae, natural trees of tropical, subtropical, rainforest and even semi-desert regions. There are several species of cedar, each with its own particularities but in terms of timber, the most used is the American cedar (even in Europe).

It is native to southern North America, Central America and northern South America.

Characteristics of Cedarwood

Overview and applications

The wood is light (not very dense), easy to work, and has a distinctive fragrance as it releases resin from its interior.

American cedar wood can be used in:

  • Manufacturing of luxury interior furniture such as beds, tables, etc.
  • Exterior carpentry, given its great resistance to pests, makes it the number one choice for these purposes.
  • Interior carpentry such as doors
  • In North America, it is used in the construction of houses.
  • Musical instruments manufacturing.
  • Boat building.

Finally, we must clarify that although it is difficult to obtain, cedar wood can be legally acquired. It will be increasingly difficult though since most of the species are endangered and it must first go through a supervised export and import process to be sold, which increases their commercial price.

Age of felling or cutting

It should not be felled before 25 years of age if it is expected to extract good quality timber.

Color

The wood has reddish tones.

Sapwood

The color can be whitish with pinkish tones, which makes it look pinkish.

Heartwood

Yellow to brown.

Characteristic defects

None in particular.

Density

Light, between 490-520 kg/m3 at 12% humidity.

Fiber

Straight in most cases.

Hardness

It is a softwood.

Durability

Thanks to its resin, it resists well to fungi and insects.

Impregnability

The sapwood of cedar is moderately impregnable, however, its non-heartwood is not very impregnable.

Dimensional Stability
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage

0.34% wood somewhat nervous.

Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength

415 kg/cm2

Static bending strength

753 kg/cm2

Modulus of elasticity

90,000 kg/cm2

Workability
Sawing

Without problems.

Drying

Slow drying.

Planing

No problems most of the time, but it is difficult if the fiber is intertwined.

Gluing

Problems can occur if the wood exudes too much resin but is uncommon.

Finishing

Again, hardly ever problems, except for resin derivatives, but not common.

These are the 9 most popular American kinds of wood and therefore, the ones that every carpenter or builder should count on when doing any job.

We hope you liked this content, so we encourage you to continue exploring all our blogs about the fascinating and vast world of wood, not only in America but in the rest of the world. Until next time.

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