By the end of this section, you’ll identify the most important trees of the European continent in terms of timber; in other words, you’ll know which trees produce the most common woods used in carpentry and construction, and you’ll be able to select the most convenient one for you.
Most used European woods in carpentry and building
Everything related to wood is almost a science in Europe since this material has been used for millenniums in countless projects, from the construction of floors to weapons, and even the construction of ships, among many others.
In fact, after the conquest of Asia, Africa, America and Oceania, European settlers began a process of cultivating different species of timber trees native to their continent, in places like America, because they knew how to work them.
Note: here we’ll talk about European wood or wood that thrives there, although it is native to other continents.
Finally, bear in mind that it is not possible to say which wood is the best as this depends on the use to which it will be put, therefore, the following list has not a hierarchical order.
But first, we recommend that you take a look at our blog on basic technical concepts of wood to become familiar with the terms we use here.
1. European silver fir wood (Abies alba)
Characteristics of the Silver fir tree
Location | Native to central and southern Europe, more precisely the Pyrenees and the Alps. It also grows in mountainous areas throughout Europe. However, it can also occur in areas such as central and eastern Asia, and even in North America. |
Height | Average height of 45 meters, but can exceed 60 meters in some cases. |
Trunk diameter | Up to 2 meters. |
Flowers | The flowers usually grow since the tree is 25 years old and are grouped in male and female cones. |
Leaves | Flat, linear from 1.5 to 3 cm. |
Branches | They usually only grow above 6 meters in height on the trunk. And they maintain a horizontal direction. |
Habitat | It is mainly located in the central part of Europe. This tree grows on mountain slopes and needs cool, deep soils. It grows best between 700 and 1800 meters. It requires a humid climate as it does not resist too much drought or frost. |
Useful life | In the wild, silver fir can be more than 500 years old. |
Conservation status | According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), this is a species of no major concern, i.e. it is not threatened. |
Although there are more than 50 species of fir trees in the world, the Abies alba or silver fir is the most common, hence its name. In addition, this species is the most commonly used in carpentry and construction. This tree belongs to the conifer family.
On the other hand, the silver fir is a very hardy species as it tolerates various climatic and soil conditions. Therefore, it can survive in nutrient-poor soils. It also grows well in soils with a lot or little lime, so it is also very resistant to soil pH variation.
Characteristics of the fir wood
Silver fir wood is known for its strength and versatility.
General and applications
Spruce is a wood easy to varnish.
It is mainly used in:
- Interior carpentry (design carpentry of small pieces).
- Furniture frames.
- Musical instrument manufacture and the cases in which they are kept.
- Beams.
- Boxes and packaging.
Age of felling or cutting
Ideally, the tree should not be felled before it is 50 years old, but this will depend mainly on whether the tree is in plantations intended for production because in such cases, the tree is felled at an average age of 30 years.
Color
Sapwood
The color ranges from creamy white to ochre.
Heartwood
Reddish in color.
Characteristic defects
Small knots
Density
The density is 450 kg/m3, which makes it light wood.
Fiber
Straight.
Grain
Fine to medium.
Hardness
Softwood, (with a score of 2.5 according to the Monnin test).
Durability
Moderate. This wood is commonly attacked by fungi and insects, so it is ideal to add products such as insecticides and varnish, among others.
Impregnability
Not very impregnable sapwood. Heartwood is not impregnable.
Dimensional Stability
Volumetric shrinkage coefficient
Volumetric shrinkage index of 0.44%. Somewhat nervous
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength
418 kg/cm2.
Static flexural strength
815 kg/cm2.
Modulus of elasticity
145,800 kg/cm2.
Workability
Sawing
Without difficulties.
Drying
It is quick but it is necessary to be vigilant during the process, otherwise, cracks may appear, i.e. separations splits or cracks along the length of the piece of wood.
Planing
No problems.
Gluing
No problems.
Nailing and screwing
It is very common to have cracks so you should use a drill first.
Finishing
Uneven.
2. Chestnut wood (Castanea sativa)
Characteristics of the Chestnut tree
Location | South Asia, in countries such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, the Balkan peninsula and even in Greece and Asia Minor, i.e. Turkey. |
Height | Between 25 and 30 meters. |
Trunk diameter | Approximately 2 meters. |
Flowers | Males are 20 cm, and females are somewhat smaller. |
Leaves | Green, round-based, slightly asymmetrical with saw-shaped teeth. |
Branches | Delgadas, de color verde-marrón. Thin, green-brown in color. |
Habitat | This species needs cool soils with good humidity for the production of good chestnuts. It is a tree sensitive to extreme temperatures. Its territory is found on mountain slopes with temperate to warm climates. |
Useful life | These trees are very long-lived with specimens that have exceeded 1000 years. The problem is that pests such as cankers greatly reduce their lifespan. They reproduce by the dissemination of seeds in the cultivated fields. |
Conservation status | It is of minor concern, i.e., it is not at risk of disappearing in the near future. In addition, this species has crops available for production. |
This tree is native to Asia but it has been cultivated by Europeans over centuries due to the good quality of its wood.
It belongs to the hardwood family so it is deciduous, meaning that its leaves fall off in the fall.
Remember that trees are mainly classified into two main classes:
- Hardwoods, whose leaves fall off and have hardwood, such as Chestnut or Oak.
- Softwoods, which have evergreen leaves, that is, they never fall off and have soft wood, such as any species of pine.
Anyway, let’s get back to the matter.
It is also appreciated for its fruits; chestnuts, which are part of European cuisine.
Note that the Chestnut is also present in America but unlike the European variant, the American species has suffered pest attacks in recent decades that have reduced its availability. Therefore, it is likely that any wood you get from this tree will be a European specimen.
Characteristics of Chestnut wood
Chestnut wood is a synonym for quality. This wood is resistant, flexible, and durable and, in addition to all of the above, it tends to improve with the passing of time.
Generalities and applications
Generally, objects made with this wood can endure for many years almost intact. For that reason it is used for:
- Elaborating rustic indoor and outdoor furniture.
- Elaboration of doors, windows, floorboards
- Friezes and moldings.
- Interior and exterior carpentry.
- Decorative veneers.
- Cooperage.
- Structure in wood constructions.
Age of felling or cutting
It shouldn’t be felled before 25 to 30 years of age since this is when the tree begins to produce chestnuts.
Color
Sapwood
White, slightly yellowish.
Heartwood
Brown and salmon red.
Characteristic defects
Bird’s eye knots (i.e. they are quite small) or hollyhocks, which is when the lines of the knot resemble the shape of an onion.
Density
Apparent density at 12% humidity 590 kg/m3. It is a semi-light wood.
Fiber
Straight.
Grain
Medium grain.
Hardness
It is a soft wood with 2.5 in the Monnin test.
Durability
It is sensitive to attack by fungi such as cankers. However, Chestnut wood has a significant amount of tannins, compounds produced by trees to protect themselves from wounds and attacks. These substances are toxic to microorganisms and herbivores, which are their main aggressors.
Impregnability
Sapwood is impregnable; heartwood is not impregnable.
Dimensional Stability
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage
0.39% wood somewhat nervous.
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength
460 kg/cm2
Static bending strength
710 kg/cm2
Modulus of elasticity
100,000 kg/cm2
Workability
Sawing
Easy, without problems.
Drying
Risk of internal and external cracking.
Planing
Easy
Gluing
Being an acid-pH wood, it can react with alkaline pH glues.
Nailing and screwing
Use pre-drilling.
Finishing
Due to its acidic nature, cracking problems may occur.
3. European or wild cherry wood (Prunus avium)
Characteristics of the European cherry tree
Location | It is found in central and southern Europe, even reaching Asia. Mainly in countries such as Spain, Germany, Italy, France, and Russia. |
Height | Average height of 25 meters. |
Trunk diameter | From 70 to 80 centimeters. |
Flowers | They are white, between 2 and 3 cm. |
Leaves | Simple, oval, and saw-shaped. 6 to 15 cm long and 3 to 8 cm wide. |
Branches | They are thin, spaced apart, and pointing upwards. |
Habitat | Native to temperate zones of the northern hemisphere. Very hardy, it grows easily in light forests. At the same time, it is vulnerable to extreme climatic conditions such as drought or frost but needs temperate temperatures to grow properly. |
Useful life | This species can live more than 100 years in optimal conditions. |
Conservation status | It is of minor concern. |
Cherry trees belong to the botanical family of the Rosaceae and there are 5 main types in the world.
- European cherry
- Eurasian cherry
- African cherry
- American Cherry
- Asian cherry
Only 2 of them are considered timber: The European (Prunus avium) and the American (Prunus serotina). However, all 5 types are used to exploit the fruit they produce: cherries.
Characteristics of European cherry wood
Broadly speaking, the wood of the European and American cherry is almost the same, although the European cherry is denser, more resistant and stable, which is why it is considered to be a better quality wood.
Generalities and applications
It is important to know that cherry doesn’t yield much wood, so the available wood is in high demand, especially in Europe. Also, as a hardwood, it is of good quality. It is also easy to work and, because of its distinctive reddish hue, it is highly prized for interior furniture.
Nevertheless, it is not to be used outdoors as it tends to darken when exposed to the elements. In interiors, it is necessary to ensure that the wood is not exposed to big changes in temperature and humidity.
Some of its applications are:
- High-end joinery (fine furniture).
- Manufacture of musical instruments.
- Carving and turning.
- Interior carpentry: doors and windows.
- It is even used for smoking meat, as it gives it a better flavor.
Age of felling or cutting
It must not be felled before 50 years of age so as to obtain the best quality wood possible.
Color
Sapwood
It has a pale pink color.
Heartwood
Pink to red.
Characteristic defects
The wood can turn green due to an attack by chromogenic fungi.
Density
This is a semi-heavy wood. Its density is approximately 620 kg/m3 at 12% humidity.
Fiber
Straight
Grain
Intermediate to fine.
Hardness
It is a semi-hardwood with 4.3 in the Monnin test.
Durability
It is relatively resistant to attack by xylophagous insects, i.e. insects that feed exclusively on wood. It is, however, prone to attack by fungi so antifungal treatments should be used.
Impregnability
Sapwood is impregnable; heartwood is not impregnable.
Dimensional Stability
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage
0.45% wood somewhat nervous.
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength
490 kg/cm2
Static bending strength
980 kg/cm2
Modulus of elasticity
102,000 kg/cm2
Workability
Sawing
No problems
Drying
It should be done slowly to avoid cracks. Other than that, there are no problems.
Planing
No problems.
Gluing
There may be problems with acid pH glues.
Nailing and screwing
No problems.
Finishing
No problems.
4. Wood of European or common ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
Characteristics of the European ash tree
Location | Native to Western Europe, it is therefore found in countries such as Spain, Italy, France, and Germany and is even present in Russia. However, this tree also thrives very well in Norway (Northern Europe). It can even reach as far as North Africa. |
Height | 40 meters high on average. |
Trunk diameter | From 60 to 100 centimeters on average. |
Flowers | White and/or purple in color, both male and female, which are longer. In any case, they do not have petals. |
Leaves | Dark green, they are 30 centimeters long on average. Their edges are serrated and, in addition, the leaves have a semi-rounded base that ends in a point. Its leaves are deciduous, which during the autumn can change its tonality to a yellow with brown. They are thick and oriented towards the trunk. |
Branches | They are thick and oriented towards the trunk. They are thick and oriented towards the trunk. |
Habitat | The Ash tree needs humid, mountainous and fresh areas to grow. It is also frost and wind-resistant and even heat tolerant, although it is more difficult to thrive in dry areas, but not impossible. In fact, the further south you go in Europe, the fewer specimens you will find, as temperatures are usually higher. |
Useful life | This tree can live up to 150 years in the wild. |
Conservation status | This species is almost threatened, that is, in the near future, it will be on the verge of extinction, especially due to the effects of climate change and the attack of various pests. |
European ash, also known as northern ash, common ash or broadleaf ash, is a tree belonging to the botanical family of the Oleaceae.
Generally speaking, we can say that the most important species in terms of timber are the European ash and the American ash, which is present in the Eastern United States.
In addition, a curiosity about Fraxinus excelsior is that it can be monoecious or dioecious, that is, male or female, or both sexes at the same time.
Characteristics of European ash wood
Ashwood is suitable for many uses as it has a pale yellow to pink color, which is not very common.
Generalities and applications
Furthermore, although hard, it is also flexible, firm, elastic, and easy to work with.
Therefore, it is in great demand for its high quality.
Likewise, as is the case with Cherry wood, European Ash wood is denser and more resistant than the American variant, which is why it is considered to be of higher quality.
So we can find that Ash wood is very good for:
- High-end joinery.
- Making kitchen and cabinet furniture.
- Building tool handles.
- Making curved furniture.
- Making field hockey sticks and tennis rackets.
- Making firewood, since it burns well even when green.
Age of felling or cutting
Although the ideal age at which this tree should be felled is 100 years old, it has been felled much earlier due to the demand for its wood, which has put this species at risk.
Color
Sapwood
White to pinkish color.
Heartwood
Heartwood has the same coloration as sapwood and they are not easy to distinguish with the naked eye.
Characteristic defects
Knots on the surface of the wood.
Density
Apparent density at 12% humidity 690 kg/m3. This makes it a semi-heavy wood.
Fiber
Straight.
Grain
Intermediate.
Hardness
According to the score of 4.2 on the Monnin test, this is semi-hardwood.
Durability
European ash is susceptible to fungal and insect attacks. In fact, the American variant is also threatened by a plague of wood beetles, a factor that has contributed to the loss of many specimens.
Impregnability
Moderately impregnable sapwood and heartwood.
Dimensional stability
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage
0.45 % wood from stable to nervous.
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength
510 kg/cm2
Static flexural strength
1130 kg/cm2
Modulus of elasticity
129,000 kg/cm2
Workability
Sawing
No problems.
Drying
Quick drying.
Planing
No problems.
Gluing
No problems.
Nailing and screwing
Prior use of a drill.
Finishing
No problems.
5. Wood of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica)
Characteristics of the European Beech tree
Location | It is native to central, western, and southern Europe. Therefore, it is present in countries such as Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Serbia, and Croatia, among others. |
Height | 40 meters on average. |
Trunk diameter | Approximately 70 centimeters. |
Flowers | The flowers produce fruits called beechnuts. |
Leaves | Dark green, deciduous, oval-shaped and 5 to 10 centimeters long. |
Branches | Its branches are arranged horizontally on the main trunk, so that it casts a dense shade under its crown. |
Habitat | The beech tree needs fresh and fertile soils to grow. In addition, the beech trees that thrive best do so on neutral or slightly acidic soils. This tree needs abundant rain and not too much exposure to the sun. It multiplies by seed. |
Useful life | In nature, it can reach 300 years of age. |
Conservation status | The beech is of lesser concern. |
The European beech tree or European beech is a tree of the Fagaceae family and is therefore a hardwood species.
On the other hand, beech forests are called beech forests or beech groves and, for several decades, they have become an ecologically friendly option. First, because the beech tree is abundant and, second, because these beech forests are used for sustainable timber harvesting, i.e., no more wood is harvested than is grown, allowing for an environmental balance.
In fact, the beech tree has been used to reforest areas of Europe.
Characteristics of European Beech
In terms of timber, there are two major species: European and American (Fagus grandifolia).
Generalities and applications
European wood is generally denser, stronger, and more elastic than its American counterpart, so it is not surprising that it is more in demand. European beech is also hard and heavy. In addition, among carpenters and builders, it is prized for its light color.
For centuries, beech wood was relegated to the background as it was believed that oak wood was better in every way, especially because beech wood was very susceptible to humidity damage so it was only used to produce firewood. However, it was later discovered that it became more resistant to moisture when treated with tar, and from then on it gained recognition as a good quality wood.
Beech is a wood that is very easy to work with, which is why it is highly valued in:
- Cabinetmaking or furniture making.
- Manufacture of paper.
- Manufacture of boards and pallets.
- Elaboration of musical instruments.
- Carving.
- Lathing.
Beechwood is also used to produce charcoal when burned. Also, after processing the wood, an oil known as creosote can be extracted, which is mainly used as a disinfectant.
Age of felling or cutting
In nature, it should not be felled before it is 100 years old. However, this time is reduced in a beech forest intended for industrial timber production.
Color
European beech is generally a little darker than American beech.
Sapwood
It has a white color with orange shades, even reaching pinkish tones.
Heartwood
Same color as sapwood.
Characteristic defects
Growth stresses are common, deforming the wood.
Density
Apparent density at 12% humidity 730 kg/m3. This makes it a heavy wood.
Fiber
Straight.
Grain
Fine.
Hardness
With a Monnin score of 4, Beech is a semi-hardwood.
Durability
As mentioned before, if not previously treated with tar, this wood is very sensitive to humidity and rots easily. In addition, it is necessary to use pesticide as it is also sensitive to attack by fungi and insects.
Impregnability
Impregnable sapwood and heartwood
Dimensional Stability
Volumetric shrinkage coefficient
0.51 % nervous wood
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength
580 kg/cm2
Static bending strength
1100 kg/cm2
Modulus of elasticity
145,000 kg/cm2
Workability
Sawing
There is a risk that the saw blades may deform the wood slightly.
Drying
This is one of the problems of beech wood, and is that it doesn’t dry very well and a lot of time must be invested in this process. That is why beech should undergo a steaming process in the sawmill to prevent the deformation of the wood.
This problem is usually seen when the wood has not gone through the whole process of obtaining wood but has been felled in a handmade or homemade way.
Planing
No problems.
Gluing
No problems.
Nailing and screwing
No problems.
Finishing
No problems.
6. European or common walnut wood (Junglans regia.)
Characteristics of the common walnut tree
Location | It is found mainly in Central and Southern Europe, although it extends to North Africa and Asia. For that reason, we can locate it in countries like: Italy. Greece. Spain. Slovenia. Hungary. Czech Republic. Germany. Morocco. Armenia. Turkey. China. |
Height | 30 meters in most cases. |
Trunk diameter | Approximately 2 meters. |
Flowers | The Walnut is a dioecious species, which means that it has male and female flowers, which are grouped together on the tree. |
Leaves | The leaves are 25 to 30 centimeters long and deciduous. They have a rounded base and a tip with serrated edges. They are green and can be used to extract dye for other woods called nogaline. |
Branches | Very thin in an almost vertical direction in relation to the trunk. |
Habitat | The walnut grows well in valleys with deep soils and with many nutrients, as long as they are not very acidic. It is generally not affected by cold, but extreme conditions such as drought or extreme frosts can be detrimental. The plant multiplies by seed, and varieties are grafted by cuttings. In addition, the tree needs space for the good growth of its branches. |
Useful life | It is a very long-lived tree that exceeds 500 years of life. |
Conservation status | Least concern according to the IUCN. |
It is not known which country it originates from. What we can tell you is that it comes from the Near East (Asia) and was introduced in Europe by the ancient Greeks and Romans, who spread it to so many areas of the continent that it currently thrives best.
This way, we know that there are more than twenty species of walnuts, all of them used for the exploitation of its fruit: the walnut. Some others are used for its wood.
Characteristics of common walnut wood
In terms of timber exploitation, the European walnut is the most popular species since its wood is denser and more resistant. Likewise, walnut wood is considered one of the best in the world, especially in Europe, since it is easy to work and very versatile; it can be used for various applications.
Generalities and applications
Walnut wood has a distinctive color and grain, and in addition to that, it withstands very well any finish that is given to it. It is also hard, heavy, and very durable, which is why it is used in:
- Furniture manufacturing.
- Manufacture of veneers and coatings.
- Luxury cabinetmaking.
- Lathing.
- Manufacture of gun butts.
- Manufacture of decorative wood veneers.
- Elaboration of floors.
- Interior carpentry.
Finally, Walnut wood is used to cover other woods of lower quality, in order to obtain furniture that is made of cheap materials, but has the appearance of walnut.
Age of felling or cutting
The ideal would be not to cut it before it is 100 years old. But for commercial purposes, it is not usually more than 50 years old.
Color
The wood is grayish-brown with nearly black streaks, although they can vary in tone.
Sapwood
It has a whitish-to-yellowish (cream) to gray color.
Heartwood
Heartwood is grey-brown with black streaks.
Characteristic defects
None in particular.
Density
Walnut wood is semi-heavy, having 12% humidity, and 650 kg/m3.
Fiber
Straight with some undulations.
Grain
Intermediate.
Hardness
It is a semi-hardwood with a score of 3.8 in the Monnin test.
Durability
It has reduced resistance to fungal attack; humidity affects the wood if it has not been previously treated with waterproofing. Insecticides have to be used, as it is susceptible to moths on their own.
Impregnability
Sapwood is impregnable. Heartwood not impregnable.
Dimensional Stability
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage
0.34 % very stable wood
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength
590 kg/cm2
Static bending strength
970 kg/cm2
Modulus of elasticity
113,000 kg/cm2
Workability
Sawing
No problems.
Drying
Slow.
Planing
No problems.
Gluing
No problems.
Nailing and screwing
No problems.
Finishing
No problems.
7. European oak wood, common oak, or sessile oak (Quercus robur)
Characteristics of the European oak tree
Location | It is widespread throughout Europe’s mainland. However, it is more abundant in the north, specifically in countries such as Norway, as well as in the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia) and Russia. |
Height | About 40 meters on average. |
Trunk diameter | 110 centimeters. |
Flowers | The male flowers are yellowish-green and are arranged solitary or in clusters of twigs from which hang hanging acorns. While the females are solitary. |
Leaves | They are deciduous, large, intense green in color and oval. In addition, they have unequal and rounded lobes. They usually have a length between 6 and 12 with a width of 3 to 6 centimeters. |
Branches | Thick, almost vertical relative to the trunk. |
Habitat | The European Oak grows in soils between sea level and approximately 1000 meters above sea level. In addition, it needs deep, cool soils without much lime. In addition, European oak grows best in humid climates, where the tree does not have to withstand severe drought. |
Useful life | Under natural conditions, it can reach 600 years of age. |
Conservation status | Least concern according to the IUCN classification. |
The European Oak belongs to the group of Quercus, which are the white oaks of Europe, Asia and North America. These trees produce acorns that mature at 6-month intervals and are characterized by their sweet and somewhat bitter taste.
In general, all oaks are considered to symbolize strength and majesty.
Characteristics of European oak wood
In carpentry, oak wood is a synonym for quality and reliability because its wood is hard, resistant, multipurpose, and also useful in construction. Moreover, as it is not scarce, it is an excellent alternative to other woods with similar characteristics but which are perhaps scarcer in the market and therefore more expensive.
Generalities and applications
Oak wood is excellent because, in spite of its hardness, it is easy to work, has a very attractive appearance in its finishes, and is very resistant to humidity. For these reasons this wood is widely used in:
- Cooperage.
- Furniture of luxury quality, both in interiors and exteriors.
- Flooring.
- Decorative veneers and boards.
- Carpentry such as doors and windows.
- Lathing.
- Wooden beams (Structural construction).
- Boat building and shipbuilding (harbors and docks), although not as much as in former times.
On the other hand, when burned, oak wood produces charcoal of excellent quality, a material that is widely used in the metallurgical industry.
Age of felling or cutting
Although 100 years seems like a long time, it is necessary to wait that long or very close to it to take advantage of the benefits of oak wood.
Color
Sapwood
Light yellow.
Heartwood
Of a dark yellow color that can reach a brownish color.
Characteristic defects
Small knots.
Density
The apparent density at 12% humidity is 770 kg/m3. Therefore, it is a semi-heavy wood.
Fiber
Straight.
Grain
Intermediate.
Hardness
It is a semi-hardwood with a score of 4.8 on the Monnin test.
Durability
Oak has excellent durability against humidity, although not so much in the case of fungi.
Impregnability
Sapwood is impregnable; heartwood is not impregnable.
Dimensional Stability
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage
0.48 % nervous wood
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength
580 kg/cm2
Static bending strength
1,070 kg/cm2
Modulus of elasticity
115,000 kg/cm2
Workability
Sawing
Except for the wood’s own hardness, there are no problems. Good equipment should be used to avoid wear and tear.
Drying
It is slow and must be supervised as there is a high risk of cracking or splitting in the longitudinal direction of the wood.
Planing
As it is such a hardwood, the process can take longer to finish.
Gluing
It is best to use glues with a pH as neutral as possible, as the wood can be damaged if the glues are too alkaline or too acidic.
Nailing and screwing
No problems.
Finishing
As with glues, varnishes, oils or any product used for the finishing process, look for a product with the most neutral pH possible.
As you can see, Europe has excellent quality woods to offer to the world of carpentry and construction.
Now you know which European woods are a must in any carpentry workshop and you are ready to start the project of your choice.
See you soon for a new installment